Patriotic theme in war and peace. True patriotism and heroism in the understanding of L

The novel "War and Peace" is a historical epic of the valor and courage of the Russian people - the winner in the war of 1812. As in Sevastopol Tales, so in this novel Tolstoy realistically depicts war in "blood, in suffering, in death." Tolstoy tells us about the severity of the war, about its horrors, grief (population leaving Smolensk and Moscow, famine), of death (Andrey Bolkonsky dies after being wounded, Petya Rostov dies). War demands from everyone the utmost exertion of moral and physical strength. During the Patriotic War, during the period of robbery, violence and atrocities committed by the invaders, Russia bears huge material sacrifices. This is the burning and devastation of cities.

Of great importance in the course of military events is the general mood of soldiers, partisans and other defenders of the Motherland. War 1805-1807 was conducted outside of Russia and was alien to the Russian people. When the French invaded the territory of Russia, the entire Russian people, young and old, rose to defend their Fatherland.

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy divides people according to moral principles, especially highlighting the attitude towards patriotic duty. The writer depicts true patriotism and false patriotism, which cannot even be called patriotism. Real patriotism - this is, first of all, patriotism of duty, an act in the name of the Fatherland, the ability, at a decisive moment for the Motherland, to rise above the personal, to be imbued with a sense of responsibility for the fate of the people. By Tolstoy's opinion, The Russian people are deeply patriotic. When the French occupied Smolensk, the peasants burned hay so as not to sell it to their enemies. Each in his own way tried to hurt the enemy so that they felt the hatred of the true owners of the earth. The merchant Ferapontov burned down his own shop so that the French would not get it. Residents of Moscow are shown as true patriots, who, leaving their native city, leave their homes, as they consider it impossible to remain under the rule of impostors.

Russian soldiers are real patriots. The novel is full of numerous episodes depicting the various manifestations of patriotism by Russian people. We see the true patriotism and heroism of the people in the depiction of classical scenes under Shengraben, Austerlitz, Smolensk, Borodin. Of course, love for the fatherland, the readiness to sacrifice one's life for it, is most clearly manifested on the battlefield, in direct confrontation with the enemy. It was in the Battle of Borodino that the extraordinary stamina and courage of the Russian soldiers manifested itself with particular emphasis. Describing the night before the Battle of Borodino, Tolstoy draws attention to the seriousness and concentration of the soldiers who clean their weapons in preparation for battle. They refuse vodka because they are ready to consciously enter the battle with a powerful enemy. Their feeling of love for the motherland does not allow reckless drunken courage. Realizing that this battle may be the last for each of them, the soldiers put on clean shirts, preparing for death, but not for retreat. Courageously fighting the enemy, Russian soldiers do not try to look like heroes. Drawing and posture are alien to them, there is nothing ostentatious in their simple and sincere love for the Motherland. When, during the Battle of Borodino, “one cannonball blew up the ground a stone’s throw from Pierre,” the broad, red-faced soldier ingenuously confesses his fear to him. “After all, she will not have mercy. She slams, so the guts out. It is impossible not to be afraid,” he said laughing. But the soldier, who did not at all try to be brave, died shortly thereafter. short dialogue, like tens of thousands of others, but did not give up and did not retreat.

Heroes and true patriots with Tolstoy, outwardly unremarkable people become. Such is the captain Tushin, who found himself in the face of the authorities in a comical position without boots, embarrassed, stumbling and at the same time doing exactly what was needed at the most critical moment.

The strength of the national spirit will give birth outstanding generals. Such as Mikhail Kutuzov . Kutuzov in the novel is the spokesman for the idea of patriotism, he was appointed commander against the will of the king and the royal court. Andrei explains this to Pierre this way: “While Russia was healthy, Barclay de Tolly was good ... When Russia is sick, she needs her own person.” Kutuzov lives only by feelings, thoughts, interests of soldiers, perfectly understands their mood, takes care of them like a father. He firmly believes that the outcome of the battle is determined by “an elusive force called the spirit of the army” and strives with all his might to maintain this hidden warmth of patriotism in the army.

The episode in Fili is important. Kutuzov takes on the gravest responsibility and orders to retreat. This order contains the true patriotism of Kutuzov. Retreating from Moscow, Kutuzov saved the army, which so far could not be compared in size with Napoleon's. Defending Moscow would mean losing the army, and this would lead to the loss of both Moscow and Russia. After Napoleon forced out of the Russian borders, Kutuzov refuses to fight outside of Russia. He believes that the Russian people have fulfilled their mission by driving out the invader, and there is no need to spill more people's blood.

The patriotism of the Russian people is manifested not only in battle. After all, not only that part of the people who were mobilized into the army participated in the fight against the invaders.

Andrei Bolkonsky. Frame from the film "War and Peace" (1965)

Lev Nikolaevich shows that patriotic feelings embrace people of different political views: advanced intelligentsia (Pierre, Andrey), the old Prince Bolkonsky, the conservative-minded Nikolai Rostov, the meek Princess Marya. A patriotic impulse also penetrates the hearts of people who seem to be far from the war - Petya, Natasha Rostovs. But it only seemed to be. Real man, according to Tolstoy, cannot but be a patriot of his Fatherland. All these people are united by a feeling that is in the soul of every Russian person. (The Rostov family, leaving the city, gives all the carts to the wounded, thereby losing their property. After the death of her father, Maria Bolkonskaya leaves the estate, not wanting to live in the territory occupied by enemies. Pierre Bezukhov thinks to kill Napoleon, knowing full well how this could end.)

The writer attaches great importance partisan movement . Here is how Tolstoy describes his spontaneous growth: Before the guerrilla war was officially accepted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by the Cossacks and peasants, who beat these people as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously bite a mad dog.. Tolstoy characterizes the guerrilla “war against the rules” as spontaneous, comparing it with a club, “ rising with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules ... nailed the French ... until the whole invasion died ”.

To the true patriotism of the bulk of the Russian people, Tolstoy opposes the false patriotism of the highest noble society, repulsive with its falsehood, selfishness and hypocrisy. These are false people, whose patriotic words and deeds become a means to achieve base goals. Ruthlessly Tolstoy rips off the mask of patriotism from the German and semi-German generals in the Russian service, "golden youth" like Anatoly Kuragin, careerists like Boris Drubetskoy. Tolstoy angrily denounces that part of the senior staff officers who did not take part in the battles, but tried to get settled at the headquarters and simply receive awards.

People like false patriots there will be a lot until people realize that everyone must defend their country, and that there will be no one else to do this except them. This is what Leo Tolstoy wanted to convey through antithesis, opposition of true and false patriots. But Tolstoy does not fall into a falsely patriotic tone of narration, but looks at events sternly and objectively, like a realist writer. This helps him more accurately convey to us the importance of the problem of false patriotism.

A false patriotic atmosphere reigns in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, Helen Bezukhova and in other Petersburg salons:“...calm, luxurious, preoccupied only with ghosts, reflections of life, Petersburg life went on in the old way; and because of the course of this life it was necessary to do great effort to realize the danger and the difficult situation in which the Russian people found themselves. There were the same exits, balls, the same French theater, the same interests of the courts, the same interests of service and intrigue. Only in the highest circles have efforts been made to recall the difficulty of the present situation. Indeed, this circle of people was far from understanding the all-Russian problems, from understanding the great misfortune and the need of the people in this war. The world continued to live by its own interests, and even in a moment of nationwide disaster reign here greed, nomination, service.

Count also shows false patriotism Rostopchin who sticks stupid things around Moscow "posters", urges the inhabitants of the city not to leave the capital, and then, fleeing the people's wrath, deliberately sends the innocent son of the merchant Vereshchagin to death. Meanness and betrayal are combined with conceit, puffiness: “It not only seemed to him that he controlled the external actions of the inhabitants of Moscow, but it seemed to him that he was directing their mood through his appeals and posters, written in the dark language, which in its midst despises the people and which he does not understand when he hears it from above. ».

Indicative for understanding the author's attitude to what is happening is the reaction of the participants in the scene to Berg's behavior - both direct and not having a direct connection with the hero's monologues. The direct reaction lies in the actions of the count: “The count wrinkled his face and suffocated…”; “Oh, get out of here, you all to hell, to hell, to hell and to hell! ..” Natasha Rostova's reaction is even more definite: “... this is such disgusting, such an abomination, such ... I don't know! Are we some kind of Germans?..” Natasha Rostova's exclamation is somewhat divorced from Berg's monologues, it is connected with Petya's story about the parents' quarrel over carts. But it is obvious that Tolstoy puts these words into the mouth of Natasha, including with the aim of giving a final assessment of Berg's hypocritical shamelessness (the mention of the Germans is not accidental).

Such, finally, Drubetskaya who, like other staff officers, thinks about rewards and promotions, wants “arrange for yourself the best position, especially the position of adjutant with an important person, which seemed to him especially tempting in the army”. It is probably no coincidence that on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Pierre notices this greedy excitement on the faces of the officers, he mentally compares it with "another expression of excitement", "which spoke of not personal, but general issues, issues of life and death."

Tolstoy convinces us that only those nobles who comprehend the spirit of the people, for whom there can be no happiness outside the peace and prosperity of their country, can be true patriots.

By uniting people according to a moral principle, emphasizing the special importance in evaluating a person of the truth of his patriotic feeling, Tolstoy brings together people very different in their social status. They turn out to be close in spirit, rise to the greatness of national patriotism. And it is not for nothing that in a difficult period of life, Pierre Bezukhov, once on the Borodino field, comes to the conclusion that true happiness is merging with the common people. (“To be a soldier, just a soldier. Enter this common life whole being.”)

Thus, true patriotism, in the understanding of Tolstoy, is supreme manifestation moral strength and spirit of the people. Popular patriotism is an invincible force in the fight against enemies. The winner is the Russian people.

True patriotism and heroism in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy.

“The cudgel of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone’s tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without analyzing anything, rose and nailed the French until everything perished on - procession. The novel "War and Peace" is a historical epic of the valor and courage of the Russian people - the winner in the war of 1812. The protagonist of the novel is the Russian people. As in Sevastopol Tales, so in this novel Tolstoy realistically depicts war in "blood, in suffering, in death." Tolstoy tells us about the severity of the war, about its horrors, grief (departure of the population from Smolensk and Moscow, famine), death (Andrey Bolkonsky dies after being wounded, Petya Rostov dies). War requires the utmost exertion of moral and physical strength from everyone. During the Patriotic War, during the period of robbery, violence and atrocities committed by the invaders, Russia bears huge material sacrifices. This is the burning and devastation of cities.

Of great importance in the course of military events is the general mood of soldiers, partisans and other defenders of the Motherland. War 1905-1907 was conducted outside of Russia and was alien to the Russian people. When the French invaded the territory of Russia, the entire Russian people, young and old, rose to defend their Fatherland.

In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy divides people according to moral principles, especially highlighting the attitude towards patriotic duty. The writer depicts true patriotism and false patriotism, which cannot even be called patriotism. True patriotism is, first of all, patriotism of duty, an act in the name of the Fatherland, the ability, at a decisive moment for the Motherland, to rise above the personal, to be imbued with a sense of responsibility for the fate of the people. According to Tolstoy, the Russian people are deeply patriotic. When the French occupied Smolensk, the peasants burned hay so as not to sell it to their enemies. Each in his own way tried to hurt the enemy so that they felt the hatred of the true owners of the earth. The merchant Ferapontov burned down his own shop so that the French would not get it. Residents of Moscow are shown as true patriots, who, leaving their native city, leave their homes, as they consider it impossible to remain under the rule of impostors.

Russian soldiers are real patriots. We see the true patriotism and heroism of the people in the depiction of classical scenes near Shengraben, Austerlitz, Smolensk, Borodin. It was in the Battle of Borodino that the extraordinary stamina and courage of the Russian soldiers manifested itself with particular emphasis. battle of Borodino is a moral victory for Russian soldiers. The feeling of patriotism is a truly national feeling. It covers all soldiers without exception. The soldiers calmly, simply, confidently do their job without uttering big words. Tolstoy talks about the battles near Smolensk. Despite the courage and stamina of the Russian army, she is forced to retreat.

Outwardly unremarkable people become heroes and true patriots for Tolstoy. Such is Captain Tushin, who finds himself in the face of his superiors in a comical position without boots, embarrassed, stumbling, and at the same time doing just that at the most critical moment. what is needed. The strength of the people's spirit will give birth to outstanding commanders. Like Mikhail Kutuzov. He lives only by the feelings, thoughts, interests of the soldiers, perfectly understands their mood, takes care of them like a father. He firmly believes that the outcome of the battle is determined by “an elusive force called the spirit of the army” and strives with all his might to maintain this hidden warmth of patriotism in the army.

For Kutuzov, who is deeply alien to all the false, far-fetched, senseless rantings of Bennigsen at the military council in Fili about the defense of the sacred ancient capital of Moscow. For a Russian person, a true patriot, it is clear what Moscow is. But the question of her fate, the fate of Russia, was decided by Kutuzov in purely military terms.

The writer attaches great importance to the partisan movement. Here is how Tolstoy describes its spontaneous growth: “Before the partisan war was officially accepted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by Cossacks and peasants, who beat these people as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously bite a mad dog. Tolstoy draws partisan detachments Dolokhov and Denisov, tells about the peasant Tikhon Shcherbat, who was irreplaceable person in the detachment and took part in the most risky operations. Thanks to the huge mass patriotic movement of the Russian people against the French invaders, the enemy was defeated and expelled.

Tolstoy shows that patriotic feelings embrace people of various political views: the progressive intelligentsia (Pierre, Andrei), the old prince Bolkonsky, the conservative Nikolai Rostov, the meek Princess Marya. A patriotic impulse also penetrates into the hearts of people who seem to be far from the war - Petya, Natasha Rostovs. But it only seemed to be. According to Tolstoy, a real person cannot but be a patriot of his Fatherland. All these people are united by a feeling that is in the soul of every Russian person. (The Rostov family, leaving the city, gives all the carts to the wounded, thereby losing their property. After the death of her father, Maria Bolkonskaya leaves the estate, not wanting to live in the territory occupied by enemies. Pierre Bezukhov thinks to kill Napoleon, knowing full well how this could end.) Having gathered in the Sloboda Palace, merchants and nobles sacrifice their property to protect Russia. “Having learned that Count Mamontov was donating a regiment, Bezukhov immediately announced that he was giving away a thousand people and their maintenance.” To the true patriotism of the bulk of the Russian people, Tolstoy opposes the false patriotism of the highest noble society. These are false people, whose patriotic words and deeds become a means to achieve base goals. Ruthlessly Tolstoy tears off the mask of patriotism from German and semi-German generals in the Russian service, "golden youth" like Anatoly Kuragin, careerists like Boris Drubetskoy. Tolstoy angrily denounces that part of the senior staff officers who did not take part in the battles, but tried to get settled at the headquarters and receive awards for nothing.

At the height of the war, A. Scherer is busy choosing a worthy groom. In her salon, they take a fine for every spoken French word.

Of course, the native Russian patriotic feeling is alien to these people, far from the people.

Tolstoy convinces us that only those nobles who comprehend the spirit of the people, for whom there can be no happiness outside the peace and prosperity of their country, can be true patriots.

By uniting people on a moral basis, emphasizing the special importance in evaluating a person of the truth of his patriotic feeling, Tolstoy brings together people very different in their social status. They turn out to be close in spirit, rise to the greatness of national patriotism. And it’s not for nothing that in a difficult period of life, Pierre Bezukhov, once on the Borodino field, comes to the conclusion that true happiness is merging with the common people. (“Be a soldier, just a soldier. Enter this common life with all your being.”) Thus, true patriotism and heroism in the understanding of Tolstoy is the highest manifestation of the moral strength and spirit of the people. Popular patriotism is an invincible force in the fight against enemies. The winner is the Russian people. True Heroes- ordinary Russian people who did a great thing - defeated the "invincible Napoleon".

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.coolsoch.ru/ were used.

Problems of true and false patriotism in L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

IN extreme situations, in moments of great upheavals and global changes, a person will definitely prove himself, show his inner essence, certain qualities of his nature. In Tolstoy's novel, someone utters big words, engages in noisy activities or useless fuss - someone experiences a simple and natural feeling of "the need for sacrifice and suffering in the consciousness of a common misfortune." The former only pretend to be patriots and shout loudly about their love for the Fatherland, the latter - patriots in fact - give their lives in the name of a common victory or leave their own property to be plundered, so long as it does not go to the enemy.

In the first case, we are dealing with false patriotism, repulsive with its falseness, selfishness and hypocrisy. This is how secular nobles behave at a dinner in honor of Bagration: when reading poems about the war, “everyone stood up, feeling that dinner was more important than poetry.” A false patriotic atmosphere reigns in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, Helen Bezukhova and in other St. Petersburg salons: “...calm, luxurious, preoccupied only with ghosts, reflections of life, St. Petersburg life went on in the old way; and because of the course of this life, great efforts had to be made to realize the danger and the difficult situation in which the Russian people found themselves. There were the same exits, balls, the same French theater, the same interests of the courts, the same interests of service and intrigue. Only in the highest circles have efforts been made to recall the difficulty of the present situation. Indeed, this circle of people was far from understanding the all-Russian problems, from understanding the great misfortune and the need of the people in this war. The world continued to live by its own interests, and even in the moment of a nationwide disaster, greed, nomination, and service reign here.

False patriotism is also shown by Count Rostopchin, who puts up stupid "posters" around Moscow, urges the inhabitants of the city not to leave the capital, and then, fleeing the people's wrath, deliberately sends the innocent son of the merchant Vereshchagin to death. Meanness and betrayal are combined with self-conceit, puffiness: “It not only seemed to him that he controlled the external actions of the inhabitants of Moscow, but it seemed to him that he was directing their mood through his appeals and posters, written in the dark language, which in its midst despises the people and which he does not understand when he hears it from above.

Such a false patriot is Berg in the novel, who, in a moment of general confusion, is looking for an opportunity to profit and is preoccupied with buying a wardrobe and a toilet "with an English secret." It doesn’t even occur to him that now it’s a shame to think about wardrobes. Such, finally, is Drubetskoy, who, like other staff officers, thinks about awards and promotions, wants to "arrange for himself the best position, especially the position of adjutant with an important person, which seemed to him especially tempting in the army." It is probably no coincidence that on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Pierre notices this greedy excitement on the faces of the officers, he mentally compares it with "another expression of excitement", "which spoke of not personal, but general issues, issues of life and death."

About what "other" persons in question? Of course, these are the faces of ordinary Russian peasants dressed in soldier's greatcoats, for whom the feeling of the Motherland is sacred and inalienable. True patriots in Tushin's battery fight even without cover. Yes and myself

Tushin "did not experience the slightest unpleasant feeling of fear, and the thought that he might be killed or hurt painfully did not cross his mind." This deep, vital sense of the Motherland makes the soldiers resist the enemy with unthinkable stamina. The merchant Ferapontov, who gives his property for plunder when leaving Smolensk, is also, of course, a patriot. "Drag everything, guys, don't leave it to the French!" he shouts to the Russian soldiers.

What is Pierre doing? He gives his money, sells the estate to equip the regiment. And what makes him, a wealthy aristocrat, go into the thick of the Battle of Borodino? All the same feeling of concern for the fate of their country, the desire to help in the general grief.

Finally, let us remember those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. They were convinced: "It was impossible to be under the control of the French." That is why they "simply and truly" did "that great work that saved Russia."

Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." And his sister Natasha releases carts for the wounded, although without family property she will remain a dowry.

True patriots in Tolstoy's novel do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but they do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy sense of the Motherland.

Introduction Patriotism of the people in the work of Natasha and Pierre during the war True patriots on the battlefields False patriots in the novel Conclusion

Introduction

The theme of patriotism in the novel "War and Peace" is one of the central ones. It is no coincidence that almost two volumes of the famous epic are dedicated to her.

Patriotism of the people in the work

What is patriotism according to Tolstoy? This is a natural movement of the soul, which makes a person not think about himself "with the consciousness of a common misfortune." The war of 1812, which affected everyone, showed

How Russians love their Fatherland.

Reading the text of the work, we find many examples of this.

So, Smolensk residents burn houses and bread so that the French do not get it. The merchant Ferapontov gives all the goods to the soldiers and sets fire to his property with his own hands. “Get it all, guys! Don't get the devils!" he shouts.

The residents of Moscow are also deeply patriotic. The episode when Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill waiting for a deputation with the keys to the city. But, most of the inhabitants left Moscow. Artisans and merchants left.

The nobles also left the city, for whom, before the arrival of the enemy on Russian soil, French was native.

Patriotism in the novel sometimes wakes up even in those from whom it was difficult to expect.
So, Princess Katish, who, together with Vasily, is participating in the hunt for the will of Count Bezukhov, declares to Pierre: “Whatever I am, I can’t live under Bonaparte power.” Even the cutesy gossip Julie Karagina leaves with everyone saying: “I'm not Joanna d? Ark and not an Amazon.” Muscovites left hometown, “because for the Russian people there could be no question whether it would be good or bad under the control of the French in Moscow. It was impossible to be under the control of the French.”

Natasha and Pierre during the war

The writer's favorite characters cannot stay away from the common trouble. Pierre decides to stay in the capital in order to shoot the French emperor "in order to either perish or end the misfortune of all Europe." He saves an unfamiliar girl from a burning garden, pounces with his fists on a French soldier who is trying to remove a necklace from a woman.

Pierre finds himself on the battlefield and captured, he was nearly shot by the French and rescued by Russian partisans. It is the war that makes Pierre look at himself and others with different eyes, feel his closeness to the common people.

The feeling of “the need for sacrifice and suffering” during the general misfortune makes Natasha Rostova scream at her mother, who does not want to give her wagons to the wounded. At that moment, Natasha does not think that she can be a dowry. She thinks only that the wounded cannot be left to the French.

True patriots on the battlefield

It is impossible, speaking about the theme of patriotism in "War and Peace", not to mention the direct participants in the battles, generals and ordinary soldiers.

First of all, the reader is attracted by the image of Kutuzov. Like many of Tolstoy's favorite heroes, Kutuzov has a completely unattractive appearance “in a long frock coat on a huge thick body”, “with a stooped back”, “with a leaky, white eye on a swollen face” - this is how the writer of the great commander draws before the battle of Borodino.
Tolstoy emphasizes that this man combined physical weakness and spiritual strength. It is she, this inner strength, allowed him to make an unpopular decision - to leave Moscow in order to save the army. It was thanks to her that he had the strength to liberate the Fatherland from the French.

Images of other heroes also appear before us. This and real historical figures: Generals Raevsky, Yermolov Dokhturov, Bagration. And fictional brave men, including Prince Andrei, Timokhin, Nikolai Rostov and many others whose names are unknown.

The true patriots of the fatherland are shown by the writer and participants guerrilla war. They did not participate in great battles, but destroyed the enemy in the ways available to them. Tikhon Shcherbaty, elder Vasilisa, Denis Davydov.

It is their exploits that delight the young Petya Rostov, who joins the partisan detachment.

False patriots in the novel

True patriots Tolstoy contrasts with false patriots, who do not care about the common misfortune, and who are trying to extract their own benefit from it.

So, ordinary life live visitors salon Scherer. She arranges a reception even on the day of the Battle of Borodino. The patriotism of the mistress of a fashionable salon is manifested only in the fact that she gently scolds those who visit the French theater.

"False patriots" are among the staff officers. Among them is Boris Drubetskoy, who, thanks to his ingenuity, "managed to stay at the main apartment." Berg, who in a pathetic tone makes a fiery speech in front of Count Rostov, and then begins to bargain with him for a "chiffonier" and a toilet "with an English secret."

And, of course, Count Rostopchin, who, with his calls and empty activities, doomed thousands of people to death, and then, having given the son of the merchant Vereshchagin to be torn to pieces by an angry crowd, flees from Moscow.

Conclusion

In conclusion of the essay on the topic of patriotism in the novel “War and Peace”, it must be said that Tolstoy was able to show the reader how a real patriot of his Motherland should behave in the hour of danger threatening her.

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family theme in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" I. Introduction The problem of the family worried Tolstoy always. In the family, he saw the beginning of a common, “swarm” life, opposed to individualism. Following the general principle of the composition of the work - antithesis - Tolstoy also contrasts families in the novel. II. Main part 1. The novel “War and Peace” depicts several families, and all of them [...] ...
Plan The people in the novel “War and Peace” The image of the people in the novel Conclusion The people in the novel “War and Peace” It is believed that wars are won and lost by commanders and emperors, but in any war a commander without an army is like a needle without a thread. After all, it is soldiers, officers, generals - people who serve in the army and [...] ...
L.N. Tolstoy - epic novel "War and Peace". IN epic novel"War and peace" friendship appears before us as one of the most important life values. We see the friendship of Nikolai Rostov and Denisov, Natasha and Princess Mary, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. The relationship between the last two characters is most deeply explored by the writer. With the difference in characters and temperaments, we see [...] ...
In the novel "War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy singled out and considered "people's thought" to be the most significant. Most vividly and multifaceted, this theme is reflected in those parts of the works that tell about the war. The image of the “world” is dominated by “family thought”, which plays a very important role in the novel. Almost all the heroes of "War and Peace" are subjected to a test of love. To true love and […]
Patriotism is love for one's country. It implies that you appreciate and know the past of your country, actively participate in its present and plan for its future. Patriotism is knowledge and respect native culture, native traditions, mother tongue. This is love and respect for their compatriots. I think these words have long been common truths. It is believed that […]...
Family thought in the novel. Genre originality The epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” determines the breadth and diversity of the themes of the work, against which the theme of the family becomes one of the central ones, since, according to the writer, it is the basis of the foundations. The author of the novel studies in detail the “anatomy” of three families: the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs and the Kuragins. Bolkonsky family. L. N. Tolstoy presents […] ...
The problem of nobility has always been one of the most important for society. It remains significant to this day and will probably never lose its relevance. In every person there is both honor and dishonor, and depending on the situation and, above all, on the person himself, one of these opposite qualities may prevail over others. This tricky question [...]
"War and Peace" was not only the most major work Tolstoy, but the greatest work world literature XIX century, as M. Gorky estimated it. There are about six hundred actors in War and Peace. “To consider and rethink everything that can happen to all future people of the forthcoming composition, a very large one, and consider millions of possible combinations in order to choose [...] ...
One of the most striking features of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is the deep psychologism and the author's attention to the feelings and thoughts of the characters. The life process itself becomes main theme his creativity. He shows the whole person in such a way that we are confronted not with skeletons and schemes, with which typicality often sins, but with those unique, unique, intimate movements of a certain [...] ...
Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is a work in which the author tried to present life in all its diversity. Wide coverage of historical events, the deepest psychological analysis, brilliant penetration into the very foundations of human life and behavior, comprehension of the thoughts and aspirations of the people - all this was clearly reflected in the pages of the immortal epic. “War and Peace” can be called a poem [...] ...
The cult of an outstanding historical personality, capable of deciding the fate of peoples and states, was very common among historians, writers, and philosophers of the nineteenth century. So, according to Hegel, “great people are conductors of the world mind…”. However, in the novel “War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy, convinced that history is “the unconscious, common, swarm life of mankind ...”, denies the leading role of the individual in the historical process, because […]...
All the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" (as fictional characters, and historical persons) are grouped and evaluated by Tolstoy depending on the degree of their proximity or remoteness from the people. This single principle of characterization and evaluation of the entire set of characters (and there are more than five hundred of them in the novel) allowed the writer to bring together the image of people of various social strata […]...
Plan Entry Rostov, or great power The Bolkonskys: duty, honor and reason Kuragins, or the abomination of empty egoism Conclusions Introduction Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest prose writers of the 19th century, the “golden age” of Russian literature. For two centuries now, his works have been read all over the world, because these amazingly lively and vivid verbal canvases not only occupy the reader, [...] ...
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, of course, became the main theme for many writers and poets, not only in the 40s, but also subsequently. I. Orenburg, A. Tolstoy, V. Grossman, M. Sholokhov, Yu. Bondarev, V. Bykov, A. Chakovsky […] ...
Real life in the novel, Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei Bolkonsky are represented in a dispute. These two young men imagine life differently. Someone believes that one should live only for others (like Pierre), and someone that for himself (like Prince Andrei). Everyone understands the happiness of life in their own way. Andrei Bolkonsky believes that one must live for oneself, that every [...] ...
Preparing for the Unified State Examination: An essay on the topic “The patriotic theme in L. Tolstoy's novel “War and Peace” The period of war is the worst thing that people face. At this hour, various feelings and emotions wake up in everyone and sharpen. This is a moment of testing, a manifestation of patriotism. It is these events that are discussed in the novel “War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy. At first […]...
The ideas of patriotism, the theme of the motherland and the people were embodied with exceptional force in Borodino, and the civic orientation of Lermontov's ideology was clearly manifested in it. The “fatal” defeat of a genius is put here in direct dependence not on otherworldly forces standing above him, as was the case in the poet’s youthful lyrics, but on the struggle of a great people defending their right to freedom and national [...] ...
Plan War - a test of personality Artistic reception comparisons The personification of true patriotism False patriotism in the work The colossal prose canvas “War and Peace”, which reflected with incredible sincerity and truthfulness real paintings the life of the people in the abyss of complex events of the first decades of the 19th century, became one of the most important works in domestic literature. The novel deserved its high value [...] ...
Plan Introduction Pierre Bezukhov and his path Pierre's friendship with Andrei Bolkonsky Love for Natasha Rostova Conclusion Introduction After reading the famous novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace", I experienced many life events, experienced different feelings along with his characters. Someone surprised me, someone disappointed me, someone became a good moral example, and someone turned out even [...] ...
The novel "War and Peace" after reading leaves an indelible impression. Tolstoy is not only a remarkable chronicle writer, but also a profound psychologist. Historical events, according to the testimony of the writer's contemporaries, are presented by him clearly and reliably, with knowledge of the problem. And the preparation for work, the notes of the writer himself show us that L. N. Tolstoy considered himself very responsible for the competent writing of the novel, [...] ...
From ancient times to the present day, nothing excites the minds of writers and poets like the theme of love. It is one of the key worldwide fiction. However, despite the fact that in most books there is a love affair, each time the author finds some new turn this topic, because until now love is […]
Plan Introduction Characteristics of Natasha Rostova Characteristics of Pierre Bezukhov Acquaintance of heroes and development of their relationship Love of Natasha and Pierre Conclusion Introduction In the novel "War and Peace" Natasha and Pierre are central characters. Many trials fell to their lot, which they had to overcome in order to find personal happiness at the end of the work. Characteristics of Natasha Rostova Natasha […] ...
Work on the novel "War and Peace" lasted 7 years (from 1863 to 1869). Tolstoy begins his novel in 1805. He intended to lead the heroes and heroines through the historical events of 1805, 1807, 1812, 1825 and end it in 1856. That is, the novel had to cover a large historical period. However, while working on [...]
Philosopher, historian, artist, preacher, moralist - and all this is the author of War and Peace. It would seem that this is a novel where the greatest attention is paid to the image of representatives of various strata of the nobility. Nevertheless, the author in it, both as a philosopher, and as a historian, and as an artist, and as a preacher, and as a moralist, follows one principle: any hero, every problem, [...] ...
In 1869, one of the most brilliant works of world literature was written - the novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy. Tolstoy wrote this novel for six years. Initially, it was about the Decembrists. But Leo Tolstoy also wanted to show the life of the people in times of "war and peace." The writer wanted to show the life of people, changing under the influence of external events, [...] ...
Pierre Bezukhov was illegitimate son one of the richest people in Russia. In society, he was perceived as an eccentric, everyone laughed at his beliefs, aspirations and statements. No one reckoned with his opinion and did not take him seriously. But when Pierre received a huge inheritance, everyone began to curry favor with him, he became a desired groom for many secular […] ...
Wonderful Soviet writer A.P. Gaidar in the wonderful children's book "Chuk and Gek" says: "What is happiness, everyone understood in his own way." Yes, everyone has their own happiness, and the heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel are also looking for their own happiness. The family occupies an important place in Tolstoy's system of values. This is that small island in a person's life, where he is always expected, [...] ...
The war is one of the main conflicts of the novel, since it is she who moves the plot, develops events, and does not give a quiet life to the heroes. War in the novel is always grief and death, and often the senseless suffering of the people. War and love are the main opposing forces of the work. These forces change the fate of the heroes, give them happiness or disappointment. And at the same time […]...
Love and War The theme of love in Russian literature has always occupied one of the leading places. At all times, great poets, writers, essayists turned to her. So Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, a titanic figure on the scale of world literature, does not stand aside. Almost all of his works touch upon the issues of love - love for mother, for the Motherland, for a woman, [...] ...
True and false in L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" I. Introduction One of the main vices of modern civilization is, according to Tolstoy, in the widespread dissemination of false concepts. In this regard, the problem of true and false becomes one of the leading ones in the work. How to distinguish true from false? For this, Tolstoy has two criteria: the true [...] ...

The epic novel "War and Peace" is, first of all, a work that personifies the heroism and courage of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812.

Even when the author describes the Battle of Shengraben in 1805, the author focuses on the greatest heroism and courage of the ordinary captain Tushin, and the ordinary soldiers entrusted to him, the battery. Despite the heavy fire of the enemy, a simple captain, without a single drop of fear, competently manages the bombardment, which shows an example of heroism and fearlessness to his soldiers. Tushin is the embodiment of wisdom, heroism, courage and simplicity of the Russian people. He is not afraid to die in the name of the freedom of his people, honestly fulfilling his military and human duty to the fatherland.

No less brave and courageous is Tushin's "colleague" - Captain Timokhin. At the most difficult and tense moment, his company, mercilessly attacking the enemy, breaks the entire course of the battle in its direction. Timokhin also accomplished a heroic deed, which deserves the deepest respect and gratitude from his compatriots.

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy very much condemns and hates the war, and everything connected with it. According to his deepest conviction, war is a complete contradiction to the human mind and intellect, to the whole human essence, as a whole. It brings grief, death, the pain of loss, crippled destinies. But at the same time, the Patriotic War of 1812 is a terrible and monstrous necessity. After all, to expel an uninvited enemy from native land, and if necessary, to destroy it - this is the sacred duty of any Russian person, regardless of class.

As for the aristocracy, in its highest circles there was an ambiguous attitude towards the war. Most of the aristocrats, only in words were "true patriots" of their fatherland, but, beyond pathos and general phrases, they did not move forward.

But really, the real patriots of their fatherland acted differently. The Rostovs, not afraid of complete ruin, and dooming themselves to deep poverty, give all their carts to the wounded in order to give at least one of them a chance to survive. Himself, Nikolai Rostov, returned to the army, not being afraid to die. Just like that, the still very young Petya is going to fight. Prince Andrei, also looking into the face of death, takes command of the regiment, and Pierre Bezukhov allocates a million for the needs of the militia.

The Russian people had a huge feeling of hatred and anger towards the conquerors at that time. Simple people, dooming themselves to deep poverty, they burned absolutely everything that they could not take with them, so that even the “scary fraction” would not go to the enemy. Even hay, the peasants refused to sell to the enemy. Despite the fact that serious money was offered for it, the peasants burned everything to the ground.

Also, it is impossible not to mention the partisan movement of that time. Vasilisa's detachment destroyed a huge number of Frenchmen. And the partisan Tikhon Shcherbaty was never an "upstart", and quietly and confidently did his job: he destroyed the enemy.

A nation that loves its homeland, that is ready to give itself without a trace, for its good and freedom, cannot be defeated! This is exactly what the great Russian people are like!